The History of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) The history of India starts with the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also called the Harappan Civilization. Time Period: Around 2500 BCE in present-day Pakistan and western India. Different experts have given slightly different dates. Largest Ancient Civilization: It was one of the four major ancient urban civilizations, […]

The Stone Age is a period spanning Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic ages, where stone was the primary tool source. Robert Bruce Foote discovered the first palaeolithic tool in India, the Pallavaram hand axe. Sir Mortimer Wheeler’s contributions to prehistoric culture included the Southern sites of Arikamedu and Brahmagiri. The earliest Stone Age period developed during […]

In the past two centuries, researchers, archaeologists, and scholars have taken significant steps to provide a nationalist perspective on the Indian past. In the 18th century, colonial administrators began translating ancient Indian legal and literary works for administrative purposes and to better understand the natives. This institutionalized research on ancient Indian history, which had been […]

Context Orans, or sacred forests, hold great cultural, ecological, and spiritual significance for local communities in Rajasthan. Recognizing their importance, the Supreme Court, in December 2024, issued a landmark judgment in T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India. The ruling aimed to enhance the conservation of orans by bringing them under formal legal protection. While […]

Introduction: The Bhakti movement was a quiet revolution in medieval India that changed society through devotion to God. It played an important role in shaping culture and religious thought. This movement encouraged people, including those from lower social classes, to engage in spiritual practices and express their faith through religious writings. Background The Bhakti movement […]

Discuss the significance of the $25-million G-20 pandemic fund project launched by the Indian government to curb zoonotic diseases.

$25-mn pandemic fund goes to curb ‘zoonotic’ diseases Why in the News?  The Union government has launched a $25-million G-20 pandemic fund project in India to enhance animal health security. The initiative, a partnership with the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, and Food and Agriculture Organization, aims to enhance India’s preparedness and response to pandemics […]

Q. How can sharpening the anti-defection law strengthen democracy in India?